Su'aasha ah in SARS-CoV-2 inta badan lagu kala qaado dhibcaha ama hawada ayaa ahayd mid muran badan dhalisay.Waxaan raadinay inaan ku sharaxno murankan iyada oo loo marayo falanqaynta taariikheed ee cilmi-baarista gudbinta ee cudurrada kale.Inta badan taariikhda aadamaha, jaantuska ugu weyni waxa uu ahaa in cudurro badan ay hawadu qaadi jirtay, inta badanna masaafo dheer iyo hab fantastik ah.Muuqaalkan miismatic-ka ah waxa lagu xujeeyay badhtamihii ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyada oo ay kor u kacday aragtida jeermiska, iyo sida cudurrada sida daacuunka, qandhada bararka, iyo duumada ayaa la ogaaday in ay siyaalo kale u kala qaadaan.Isaga oo ku dhiirigeliyay aragtidiisa ku saabsan muhiimada caabuqa xidhiidhka/dhibcaha, iyo iska caabintii uu kala kulmay saamaynta hadhay ee aragtida miasma, sarkaalkii caanka ahaa ee caafimaadka dadweynaha Charles Chapin 1910kii waxa uu gacan ka gaystay bilaabida isbedel guul leh, isaga oo u arkayay in gudbinta hawadu aanay u badnayn.Habkan cusub ayaa noqday mid awood badan.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, faham la'aanta hawada hawada ayaa keentay khaladaad nidaamsan oo ku saabsan tarjumaadda caddaynta cilmi-baarista ee waddooyinka gudbinta.Shanta sano ee soo socota, gudbinta hawadu waxay ahayd mid la dayacay ama muhiimad yar u leh dhammaan cudurrada waaweyn ee neef-mareenka, ilaa muujinta gudbinta hawadu ee qaaxada (taas oo si khalad ah loo maleeyay in lagu kala qaado dhibco) 1962. Qaabka xidhiidhka/dhibcaha ayaa hadhay. weyn, oo dhowr cudur oo keliya ayaa si ballaaran loo aqbalay inay yihiin hawadu ka hor COVID-19: kuwa si cad loogu gudbiyo dadka aan isku qol ku jirin.Dardar gelinta cilmi-baadhista isku-dhafka ah ee uu dhiirigeliyay faafitaanka COVID-19 waxay muujisay in gudbinta hawadu ay tahay habka ugu weyn ee faafinta cudurkan, waxayna u badan tahay inay muhiim u tahay cudurro badan oo faafa.
Saamaynta la taaban karo
Laga soo bilaabo horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, waxaa jiray iska caabin ah in la aqbalo in cudurrada ay ku kala qaadaan hawada, kuwaas oo si gaar ah waxyeello u geystay intii lagu jiray masiibada COVID-19.Sababta ugu muhiimsan ee iska caabintan waxay ku jirtaa taariikhda fahamka sayniska ee gudbinta cudurrada: Gudbinta hawada waxaa loo maleeyay inay tahay mid awood badan inta badan taariikhda aadanaha, laakiin pendulum-ka ayaa aad uga fogaaday horraantii qarnigii 20aad.Tobannaan sano, ma jirin cudur muhiim ah oo loo maleynayo inuu yahay hawada.Markaan caddayno taariikhdan iyo khaladaadka ku duugan ee weli taagan, waxaan rajeyneynaa inaan fududeyno horumarka laga gaarayo mustaqbalka.
Faafida COVID-19 waxay kicisay dood adag oo ku saabsan qaababka gudbinta fayraska SARS-CoV-2, oo ku lug leh badiyaa seddex qaab: Marka hore, saameynta dhibcaha "buufis" ee indhaha, sanka, ama afka, oo haddii kale dhulka ku dhaca. u dhow qofka cudurka qaba.Marka labaad, taabasho, ama taabasho toos ah oo lala yeesho qof cudurka qaba, ama si aan toos ahayn taabashada dusha wasakhaysan ("fomite") oo ay ku xigto is- tallaalid iyada oo la taabto gudaha indhaha, sanka, ama afka.Seddexaad, marka la neefsado aerosols, kuwaas oo qaarkood hawada ku sii jiri kara saacado ("gudbinta hawada").1,2
Hay'adaha caafimaadka dadweynaha oo ay ku jirto hay'adda caafimaadka adduunka ee WHO ayaa markii hore ku dhawaaqay in fayraska lagu kala qaado dhibco waaweyn oo ku dhacay dhulka meel u dhow qofka cudurka qaba, iyo sidoo kale in la taabto meelaha wasakhaysan.WHO waxay si adag u shaacisay Maarso 28, 2020, in SARS-CoV-2 aan hawada laga qaadin (marka laga reebo xaalad gaar ah "habraacyo caafimaad oo soo saara hawada") iyo inay ahayd "xog khaldan" in si kale loo yiraahdo.3Taladani waxay khilaaftay tii saynis yahano badan oo sheegay in gudbinta hawadu ay u badan tahay inay wax weyn ku tarto.tusaale Tixraac.4-9Muddo ka dib, WHO ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u jilcisay mawqifkan: marka hore, iyada oo qiratay in gudbinta hawadu ay suurtagal tahay laakiin aan macquul ahayn;10ka dib, iyada oo aan sharraxaad lahayn, kor u qaadida doorka hawo-qaadista ee Noofambar 2020 si loo xakameeyo fiditaanka fayraska (kaas oo keliya waxtar u leh xakamaynta cudur-sidaha hawada);11ka dib ku dhawaaqida Abriil 30, 2021, in gudbinta SARS-CoV-2 ee hawada hawada ay muhiim tahay (inta aan la isticmaalin ereyga "hawo-qaadista").12In kasta oo sarkaal sare oo ka tirsan WHO uu ku qirtay wareysi saxaafadeed waqtigaas in "sababta aan u horumarinayno hawo-qaadista ay tahay in fayraskani uu hawada ku jiro," waxay sidoo kale sheegeen inay ka fogaadeen adeegsiga ereyga "hawo-qaadista."13Ugu dambeyntii Diseembar 2021, WHO waxay cusbooneysiisay hal bog boggeeda internetka si ay si cad u sheegto in gudbinta hawada gaaban iyo fog ee fog ay muhiim tahay, iyadoo sidoo kale caddaynaysa in "gudbinta hawada" iyo "gudbinta hawada" ay yihiin kuwo isku mid ah.14Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka laga reebo boggaas, sharraxaadda fayrasku sida "hawo-mareen" waxay ku sii socotaa inay gebi ahaanba ka maqan tahay isgaarsiinta dadweynaha ee WHO illaa Maarso 2022.
Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada (CDC) ee Maraykanka waxay raaceen dariiq isbarbar socda: marka hore, iyagoo sheegaya muhiimada gudbinta dhibcaha dhibcaha;ka dib, Sebtembar 2020, si kooban ugu dhejinaysa shabakadeeda ogolaanshaha gudbinta hawada oo hoos loo dhigay saddex maalmood ka dib;15iyo ugu dambeyntii, Maajo 7, 2021, iyadoo la aqoonsanayo in neefsashadu ay muhiim u tahay gudbinta.16Si kastaba ha ahaatee, CDC waxay si joogta ah u isticmaashay ereyga "dhibcaha neefsiga," oo guud ahaan la xidhiidha dhibco waaweyn oo si degdeg ah dhulka ugu dhaca,17si loo tixraaco aerosols,18abuurista jahawareer la taaban karo.19Labada urur midkoodna ma muujin isbeddellada shirarka jaraa'id iyo ololayaasha isgaarsiinta ee waaweyn.20Markii ay labadan hay'adoodba sameeyeen oggolaanshahan xaddidan, caddaynta gudbinta hawadu waa ururtay, saynisyahano badan iyo dhakhaatiir caafimaad ayaa sheegay in gudbinta hawadu aanay ahayn kaliya habka gudbinta ee suurtogalka ah, laakiin ay u badan tahay.ugu badnaanhab.21Bishii Agoosto 2021, CDC waxay sheegtay in gudbinta nooca SARS-CoV-2 ee delta uu ku soo dhawaaday kan busbuska, oo ah fayras la kala qaado oo hawadu qaado.22Kala duwanaanshaha omicron ee soo baxay dabayaaqadii 2021 wuxuu u muuqday fayras si cajiib ah u faafaya, oo muujinaya tiro taran oo sarreeya iyo muddo gaaban oo taxane ah.23
Aqbalaada aadka u gaabis ah iyo aqbalka hawo-mareenka ee caddaynta gudbinta hawada ee SARS-CoV-2 ee hay'adaha caafimaadka dadweynaha ee waaweyn ayaa gacan ka geystay xakamaynta hoose ee masiibada, halka faa'iidooyinka tallaabooyinka ilaalinta ee ka hortagga gudbinta hawada ay si wanaagsan u dhismeen.24-26Oggolaanshaha degdega ah ee caddayntan waxay dhiirigelin lahayd hab-raacyada kala saaraya xeerarka gudaha iyo dibadda, diiradda weyn ee hawlaha bannaanka, talooyinka hore ee waji-xidhka, in badan iyo goor hore oo xoogga la saaray qaab-dhismeedka maaskarada iyo shaandhaynta, iyo sidoo kale xeerarka xirashada maaskaro gudaha gudaha xitaa marka fogeynta bulshada waa la ilaalin karaa, hawo-qaadis, iyo sifeyn.Aqbalaad hore waxay u oggolaan lahayd in xooga la saaro tallaabooyinkan, waxayna yaraynaysaa wakhtiga iyo lacagta xad-dhaafka ah ee lagu kharash gareeyo tallaabooyinka sida jeermis-dilaha dusha sare iyo caqabadaha plexiglass-ka dambe, kuwaas oo aan waxtar u lahayn gudbinta hawada iyo, xaaladda dambe, xitaa waxay noqon kartaa mid waxtar leh.29,30
Waa maxay sababta ururradani ay aad uga gaabiyeen, maxaase loo diidanaa isbeddelka?Warqaddii hore waxay tixgelisay arrinta raasamaal cilmiyeed (dano gaar ah) oo laga eegayo dhinaca cilmiga bulshada.31Ka fogaanshiyaha kharashaadka la xiriira tillaabooyinka loo baahan yahay si loo xakameeyo gudbinta hawada, sida qalab ilaalin shaqsiyeed oo wanaagsan (PPE) ee shaqaalaha daryeelka caafimaadka32iyo hawo-qaadashada oo hagaagtay33waxaa laga yaabaa inay door ka ciyaareen.Kuwo kale ayaa sharaxay daahitaanka marka la eego aragtida khataraha la xidhiidha N95 neefsashada32kuwaas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, la isku khilaafay34ama sababtoo ah maaraynta liidata ee kaydadka degdega ah ee keenaya gabaabsi horaantii aafada.tusaale Tixraac.35
Sharaxaad dheeraad ah oo aanay daabacadahaasi bixinin, balse gebi ahaanba la jaan qaadaya natiijooyinkooda, ayaa ah in ka cago-jiidashada in la tixgeliyo ama la qaato fikradda gudbinta hawada ee cudur-sidaha ay, qayb ahaan, ay ugu wacan tahay khalad fikradeed oo la soo bandhigay qarni ka hor. wuxuuna noqday mid ku milmay goobaha caafimaadka bulshada iyo ka hortagga caabuqa: mabda'a ah in gudbinta cudurrada neef-mareenka ay sababaan dhibco waaweyn, sidaas awgeed, dadaallada yaraynta dhibcaha dhibcaha ayaa noqon lahaa mid ku filan.Hay'adahani waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigeen diidmo ah in ay la qabsadaan xitaa caddaynta, iyada oo la raacayo aragtiyaha bulsho iyo cilmi-nafsiga ee sida dadka maamula hay'adaha ay uga hortagi karaan isbeddelka, gaar ahaan haddii ay u muuqato mid khatar ku ah booskooda;sida kooxdu u shaqayn karto, gaar ahaan marka ay dadku difaacayaan marka ay wajahayaan caqabado shisheeye;iyo sida horumarka sayniska uu ku dhici karo iyada oo loo marayo isbeddellada jaangooyooyinka, xitaa iyada oo difaacayaasha jaantuskii hore ay iska caabinayaan inay aqbalaan in aragti kale ay taageero fiican ka hesho caddaynta la hayo.36-38Haddaba, si aan u fahamno sii jirista khaladkan, waxaan raadinay inaan sahaminno taariikhdeeda, iyo guud ahaan gudbinta cudurrada hawadu, oo aan muujinno isbeddellada muhiimka ah ee horseeday in aragtida dhibcaha dhibcaha ay noqoto mid hor leh.
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Waqtiga post: Seb-27-2022