Su'aasha ah in SARS-CoV-2 uu inta badan ku faafo dhibcaha ama aerosols ayaa aad u muran badan dhalisay. Waxaan isku daynay inaan sharaxno murankan iyada oo loo marayo falanqayn taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan cilmi-baarista gudbinta cudurrada kale. Inta badan taariikhda aadanaha, qaabka ugu badan wuxuu ahaa in cuduro badan ay hawada qaadaan, badanaa masaafooyin dheer iyo si khiyaali ah. Qaabkan miasmatic waxaa lagu soo qaaday bartamihii ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad iyadoo ay soo ifbaxday aragtida jeermiska, iyo markii cudurrada sida daacuunka, qandhada puerperal, iyo duumada la ogaaday inay dhab ahaantii gudbiyaan siyaabo kale. Iyada oo uu dhiirrigeliyay aragtidiisa ku saabsan muhiimadda caabuqa taabashada/dhibicda, iyo iska caabinta uu la kulmay saameynta hartay ee aragtida miasma, sarkaal caan ah oo ka tirsan caafimaadka dadweynaha Charles Chapin sannadkii 1910 ayaa gacan ka geystay bilaabidda isbeddel guul leh oo ku yimid qaab-dhismeedka, isagoo u arkayay gudbinta hawada mid aan macquul ahayn. Qaab-dhismeedkan cusub wuxuu noqday mid awood badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la'aanta fahamka aerosols-ka ayaa horseeday khaladaad nidaamsan oo ku saabsan fasiraadda caddaynta cilmi-baarista ee ku saabsan waddooyinka gudbinta. Shanta sano ee soo socota, gudbinta hawada waxaa loo arkayay mid aan muhiimad lahayn ama muhiimad yar u leh dhammaan cudurrada neefsashada ee waaweyn, ilaa la muujiyo gudbinta qaaxada hawada ku jirta (oo si khaldan loo maleynayay in ay ku faafaan dhibco) sanadkii 1962. Qaabka taabashada/dhibicda ayaa weli ahaa mid aad u sarreeya, cudurro yar oo keliya ayaa si weyn loo aqbalay inay hawada ku jiraan ka hor COVID-19: kuwaas oo si cad loogu gudbiyay dadka aan isku qol ahayn. Dardargelinta cilmi-baarista isku dhafan ee ay dhiirigelisay masiibada COVID-19 waxay muujisay in gudbinta hawada ay tahay hab weyn oo lagu gudbiyo cudurkan, waxayna u badan tahay inay muhiim u tahay cudurro badan oo faafa oo neefsashada ah.
Saamaynta Wax-ku-oolka ah
Tan iyo horraantii qarnigii 20aad, waxaa jiray iska caabin lagu aqbalayo in cudurradu ay ku faafaan hawada, taas oo si gaar ah u waxyeello u geysatay intii lagu jiray masiibada COVID-19. Sababta ugu muhiimsan ee iska caabintan waxay ku jirtaa taariikhda fahamka sayniska ee gudbinta cudurrada: Gudbinta hawada waxaa loo maleynayay inay tahay mid aad u sarreysa inta badan taariikhda aadanaha, laakiin pendulum-ku aad ayuu u fogaaday horraantii qarnigii 20aad. Tobannaan sano, ma jirin cudur muhiim ah oo loo malaynayay inuu hawada ku jiro. Annagoo caddaynayna taariikhdan iyo khaladaadka ku xididaysan ee weli sii jira, waxaan rajeyneynaa inaan fududeyno horumarka dhinacan mustaqbalka.
Cudurka faafa ee COVID-19 wuxuu kiciyay dood xooggan oo ku saabsan qaababka gudbinta fayraska SARS-CoV-2, oo inta badan ku lug leh saddex qaab: Marka hore, saameynta dhibcaha "buufinta" ee ku dhaca indhaha, sanka, ama afka, kuwaas oo si kale dhulka ugu dhaca meel u dhow qofka cudurka qaba. Marka labaad, taabashada, ha ahaato taabasho toos ah oo lala yeesho qof cudurka qaba, ama si dadban iyada oo lala xiriiro dusha wasakhaysan ("fomite") oo ay ku xigto is-tallaalidda iyadoo la taabanayo gudaha indhaha, sanka, ama afka. Marka saddexaad, marka la neefsado hawada, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay ku sii jiri karaan hawada saacado badan ("gudbinta hawada").1,2
Ururada caafimaadka dadweynaha oo ay ku jirto Hay'adda Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) ayaa markii hore ku dhawaaqay in fayraska lagu kala qaado dhibco waaweyn oo dhulka ku dhaca meel u dhow qofka cudurka qaba, iyo sidoo kale taabashada meelaha wasakhaysan. WHO waxay si cad u sheegtay Maarso 28, 2020, in SARS-CoV-2 aan hawada lagu qaadin (marka laga reebo kiisaska "habraacyada caafimaadka ee aerosol-ka dhaliya") iyo inay tahay "macluumaad khaldan" in si kale loo yiraahdo.3Taladani waxay ka hor timid tii saynisyahano badan oo sheegay in gudbinta hawada ay u badan tahay inay gacan ka geysato. Tusaale ahaan Ref.4-9Waqti ka dib, WHO ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u qaboojisay mowqifkan: marka hore, waxay qiratay in gudbinta hawada ay suurtagal tahay laakiin aan macquul ahayn;10ka dibna, iyada oo aan la sharraxin, kor u qaadista doorka hawo-qaadashada bisha Noofambar 2020 si loo xakameeyo faafitaanka fayraska (kaas oo kaliya waxtar u leh xakamaynta jeermiska hawada ku jira);11ka dibna waxaan ku dhawaaqay Abriil 30, 2021, in gudbinta SARS-CoV-2 iyada oo loo marayo hawada ay muhiim tahay (iyadoo aan la isticmaalin ereyga "hawada laga soo qaado").12In kasta oo sarkaal sare oo ka tirsan WHO uu ku qirtay wareysi uu siiyay saxaafadda wakhtigaas in "sababta aan u dhiirigelineyno hawo-qaadista ay tahay in fayraskan uu hawada ku jiri karo," haddana waxay sidoo kale sheegeen inay iska fogeeyeen inay isticmaalaan ereyga "hawada".13Ugu dambeyntii bishii Diseembar 2021, WHO waxay hal bog ku cusbooneysiisay boggeeda internetka si ay si cad u sheegto in gudbinta hawada ee gaaban iyo tan dheer ay muhiim yihiin, iyadoo sidoo kale caddaynaysa in "gudbinta hawada" iyo "gudbinta hawada" ay yihiin isku macno.14Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka laga reebo boggaas internetka, sharraxaadda fayraska ee ah "hawada ku socota" ayaa weli gebi ahaanba ka maqan isgaarsiinta dadweynaha ee WHO laga bilaabo Maarso 2022.
Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada (CDC) ee Mareykanka waxay raaceen waddo is barbar socota: marka hore, iyagoo sheegaya muhiimadda gudbinta dhibcaha; ka dibna, Sebtembar 2020, waxay si kooban ugu soo daabaceen boggooda internetka aqbalaadda gudbinta hawada oo la joojiyay saddex maalmood ka dib;15ugu dambeyntiina, Maajo 7, 2021, waxaan qirnay in neefsiga hawada uu muhiim u yahay gudbinta.16Si kastaba ha ahaatee, CDC waxay si joogto ah u isticmaashay ereyga "dhibicda neefsashada," oo guud ahaan lala xiriiriyo dhibco waaweyn oo si dhakhso ah dhulka ugu dhaca,17si loogu tixraaco aerosols-ka,18abuurista jahawareer weyn.19Midkoodna ma uusan soo bandhigin isbeddellada shirarka jaraa'id ama ololaha isgaarsiinta ee waaweyn.20Markii ay labada urur sameeyeen qaabilaad xaddidan, caddaymaha gudbinta hawada ayaa ururay, saynisyahano badan iyo dhakhaatiir caafimaadna waxay sheegeen in gudbinta hawada aysan ahayn oo keliya qaab gudbinta suurtagalka ah, laakiin ay u badan tahay inay tahay hab gudbinta hawada.badanqaab.21Bishii Agoosto 2021, CDC waxay sheegtay in gudbinta nooca Delta SARS-CoV-2 ay la xiriirto cudurka busbuska, oo ah fayras hawada aad loogu kala qaado.22Nooca omicron ee soo baxay dabayaaqadii 2021 wuxuu u muuqday inuu yahay fayras si xawli ah u faafaya, isagoo muujinaya tiro taran oo sareysa iyo muddo gaaban oo taxane ah.23
Aqbalaadda aadka u gaabiska ah ee aan kala sooca lahayn ee caddaynta gudbinta hawada ee SARS-CoV-2 ee ururada caafimaadka dadweynaha ee waaweyn ayaa gacan ka geysatay xakamaynta aan fiicnayn ee masiibada, halka faa'iidooyinka tallaabooyinka ilaalinta ee ka dhanka ah gudbinta hawada ay si fiican u sii kordhayaan.24-26Aqbalaadda degdega ah ee caddayntan waxay dhiirrigelin lahayd tilmaamo kala soocaya xeerarka gudaha iyo dibadda, diiradda saarista hawlaha bannaanka, talo bixin hore oo loogu talagalay maaskaro, xoogga saarista ku habboonaanta iyo shaandhaynta maaskaro oo wanaagsan, iyo sidoo kale xeerarka ku saabsan xirashada maaskaro gudaha xitaa marka la ilaalin karo kala fogaanshaha bulshada, hawo-mareenka, iyo shaandhaynta. Aqbalaadda hore waxay u oggolaan lahayd xoogga saarista tallaabooyinkan, waxayna yareyn lahayd waqtiga iyo lacagta xad-dhaafka ah ee lagu bixiyo tallaabooyinka sida jeermiska dusha sare iyo caqabadaha plexiglass-ka ee dhinaca, kuwaas oo aan waxtar u lahayn gudbinta hawada, haddii ay dhacdo tan dambe, xitaa waxay noqon kartaa mid aan waxtar lahayn.29,30
Maxay ururadani u gaabiyeen, maxayse u jireen iska caabin badan oo isbeddel ah? Warqad hore ayaa ka hadashay arrinta raasamaalka sayniska (dano gaar ah) marka laga eego dhinaca cilmiga bulshada.31Ka fogaanshaha kharashyada la xiriira tallaabooyinka loo baahan yahay si loo xakameeyo gudbinta hawada, sida qalabka ilaalinta shaqsiyeed ee wanaagsan (PPE) ee shaqaalaha daryeelka caafimaadka32iyo hawo-qaadis la hagaajiyay33Waxaa laga yaabaa inay door ka ciyaartay. Kuwa kale waxay sharraxeen dib u dhaca marka la eego aragtida khataraha la xiriira neefsashada N9532kuwaas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, lagu muransanaa34ama sababtoo ah maaraynta liidata ee kaydka degdegga ah taasoo keentay yaraanta horraantii cudurka faafa. Tusaale ahaan Ref.35
Sharaxaad dheeraad ah oo aan lagu soo bandhigin daabacadahaas, laakiin gebi ahaanba la jaan qaadaya natiijooyinkooda, ayaa ah in ka labalabeyn la'aanta in la tixgeliyo ama la qaato fikradda ah in cudur-sidaha hawada lagu kala qaado ay qayb ahaan sabab u ahayd qalad fikradeed oo la soo bandhigay in ka badan qarni ka hor oo ku dhex milmay goobaha caafimaadka dadweynaha iyo ka hortagga caabuqa: dogma ah in gudbinta cudurrada neef-mareenka ay sababto dhibco waaweyn, sidaas darteedna, dadaallada yareynta dhibcaha ayaa ku filan. Hay'adahani waxay sidoo kale muujiyeen diidmo ah inay wax ka beddelaan xitaa marka la eego caddaynta, iyadoo la raacayo aragtiyaha cilmiga bulshada iyo cilmiga ee ku saabsan sida dadka maamula hay'adaha ay uga hortagi karaan isbeddelka, gaar ahaan haddii ay u muuqato inay halis ku tahay mowqifkooda; sida fikirka kooxeed u shaqeyn karo, gaar ahaan marka dadku difaac yihiin marka ay wajahayaan caqabadda dibadda; iyo sida horumarka cilmiyeed uu u dhici karo iyada oo loo marayo isbeddellada qaab-dhismeedka, xitaa marka difaacayaasha qaab-dhismeedka hore ay diidaan inay aqbalaan in aragti kale ay taageero ka wanaagsan ka haysato caddaynta la heli karo.36-38Sidaa darteed, si aan u fahanno sii jiritaanka qaladkan, waxaan isku daynay inaan si guud ah u baarno taariikhdeeda, iyo gudbinta cudurrada hawada ku dhaca, oo aan iftiiminno isbeddellada muhiimka ah ee horseeday in aragtida dhibcaha ay noqoto mid aad u badan.
Ka soo qaado https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Waqtiga boostada: Sebteembar-27-2022